Lameness of limbs is one of the most important problems of today's cattle farms, which causes irreparable economic losses, so that about 60% of cows in each herd are lame at least once a year (finger injuries in Iran are 31.8%). Injuries of the Digits is one of the major causes of lameness in cattle. Bones of the Digits in cattle include the first, second and, third phalanx. Two vestigial Digits are existed in cattle. The medial Digit and the lateral Digit are the main weight bearing structures on the forelimb and hindlimb, respectively. One of the practical treatments for injuries of the Digits is its amputation. Among the most important causes of Digit amputation, can mention osteomyelitis of finger and navicular bones, septic arthritis of interDigital joints, fractures and hoof traumas that have not responded to other conservative treatment. Most of Digit amputation procedures perform under local anesthetic techniques with the cattle standing position. Selection of Digit amputation techniques depends on several factors, such as the lesion type and the extent of involved anatomical structures. The most common surgical method is to amputate the Digit through the distal aspect of the proximal phalanx without the need for a skin flap, which usually has a good prognosis and is effective in improving the economic life of the animal. Todays, limb amputation and the use of prosthesis are indicated in cattle or calf with untreatable musculoskeletal trauma or infection. General anesthesia is recommended for limb amputation. Although the short-term prognosis for limb amputation is good, the long-term prognosis depends on the weight of the animal and caring condition.

Objective: To study the effect of Digit amputation on animal survival, and distribution of lesions on limbs, days in milk and parity in operated cows.Design: Retrospective descriptive studyAnimals: Thirteen cows in a dairy herd consisting 1100 lactating Holstein cowsProcedures- Digit amputation by using a loop wire after inducing local intravenousAnesthesiaResults: Digits of 13 cows were amputated during the period of study. Most amputations were done in hind limbs. The average of parity during surgery was 3.3 that were higher from the average of parity in the herd (2.9). Eight cases were recorded in the third or less parities and 5 cases in fourth or more parity. The average of days in milk for all amputated cow is 180.72±136.18 days that in 5 cases it was recorded under 100 DIM and 8 cases is over 100 days.Six out of 13 cows (46.15%) were survived at least one year after surgery and 7 cows (53.85%) were culled after amputation. The main reason for culling in 2 (28.57%) cases was infertility but in other five (71.43%) was complications of the lameness. The average time to culling after surgery in culled animals recorded as 131 days.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Regards to the results, Digit amputation can extend lifespan of cows with some incurable Digital diseases. Digit amputation may consider as a salvage method in dairy farms. Some factors like the time of surgery, surgical technique and extent of the lesions may affect the outcomes.

Background: Nowadays, pulseoximetery is one the best and most available methods of detecting patient's arterial blood oxygen saturation; so its normal function is of great importance. Hypothermia, hypotension arid peripheral vasoconstriction can lead to pulseoximeter abnormal function. The present study was carried out over the patients referring to Shahid Modarres hospital since 2000 till 2001 to determine the effect of Digit nerve block on pulseoximetery. Materials and methods: 50 patients over 10 years old, underwent operation longer than 3 hours, had entered this double-blinded sequential clinical trial study. One finger was blocked using 3 cc of marcain 0.5%, where the other finger was just injected saline. Then, both fingers' tip temperature, central temperature, systemic blood pressure, and both fingers' SpO2 were all determined by a person being unaware of the blocked finger. T-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: 50 patients, including 35 males and 15 females, with mean age of 51±17.6 yrs were studied. Favorable functional period of pulseoximetery was 5.8±1.22 and 4.56±1.85 hrs in the case and control group, respectively (p<0.001). In the mean time, mean Digit temperature was recorded 29.31±1.57 and 27.68±1.26 °c in the case and control group, respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion: Digit nerve block seems to be a suitable approach for maintaining normal function in pulseoximetery. Further studies with different drug dosage and greater samples are recommended.

Redundant signed Digit number systems are popular in computationally intensive environments, particularly because of their carry-free property, which allows for Digit-parallel addition. The time required for addition is particularly important because other arithmetic operations heavily depend on it. Signed Digit number systems with high radices are of particular interest because of less memory requirement to represent a given number. But, the time required to perform Digit-parallel addition is, by a relatively large coefficient, logarithmically proportional to the radix. Reduction of this coefficient is the prime goal of the study in this paper, where least cost implementations are emphasized. A novel modification to the conventional carry-free addition algorithm for signed Digit numbers is presented and the impact of different representations of signed Digits on reducing the time required to perform Digit parallel addition is investigated.Three representation paradigms are considered, namely, signed-magnitude, two's complement, and one's complement. Following the common practice, and in order to achieve better results, the power- of- two radices is focused upon. With the new algorithm, the time required to derive the transfer Digit reduces to a small constant value, which does not depend on the radix.

Background: Based on the studies which have investigated conscious and unconscious processes, simple arithmetic operations such as addition and multiplication can be automatically processed in the brain and affect subsequent responses. However, most studies have focused on addition and multiplication of one-Digit numbers. In this research we used subliminal priming paradigm to assess automatic retrieval of subtraction operation for the first time.Objectives: The aim of this study was to use a subliminal priming paradigm in a naming task and investigate the automatic and unconscious processing of the subtraction operation. Research of this kind can help us determine different levels of unconscious and conscious processing in the brain.Materials and Methods: Forty-five graduate student in psychology at the Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz (between 18 and 25 years; mean 20.7, SD=2.7) participated in the experiment. For presenting the stimuli, an open-source software (DMDX) was used and presented on a 15-inch monitor. In the experiment, in the congruent condition, the prime was congruent with the target in terms of subtraction calculation result and in the incongruent condition there was no logical connection between the two stimuli. The vocal reaction time (RT) of participants was recorded and paired t-test analysis was conducted for comparison of the two conditions.Results: The data showed that naming the target by the participants is carried out faster when the two stimuli are congruent with each other in terms of the result of the operation.Conclusion: These findings may have implications on the levels of mathematical operations. In conclusion it seems that the calculation of one-Digit numbers can happen at the level of simple neuronal circuits and may be carried out without conscious-awareness. The findings confirm the fact that calculating subtraction for one-Digit numbers does not require conscious effort and can be processed automatically.

Handwritten text recognition is one of the most interesting and open problems in optical character recognition. A variety of writing patterns, styles, and pen tips make this problem even more complicated. Using fuzzy logic techniques is shown to improve the performance of recognizing algorithm. In this research, a new fuzzy inference system for recognition of Persian-Arabic handwritten Digits has been proposed. It is based on "line sweeping" of segmented image, which we called it hit counting. The system extracts a Digit from the input image, and finally recognizes the Digit. The proposed system does not need any preprocessing algorithm like skeletonizing or contouring. It is also independent of thickness and size of pen while it is robust to small rotations. The implemented system could achieve 94.8% recognition on Persian-Arabic handwritten Digits dataset as well as complete recognition for specific typefaces.

Introduction: Complete amputation of wrist is physical and psychological trauma that can affect person's life. During recent years, various amputated organs were replanted back into their own body leading to improvement in quality of life, function and body image.Case Report: The case was a34 years old man with complete amputation at left hand at wrist level, while working with chainsaw. Patient was admitted to the emergency unit at Fatemi hospital of Ardabil city, and underwent tosurgeryfor replantation.Conclusion: Complete amputation of wrist and its successful replantation are among rarely occured and reportable cases. The5-month follow-up indicated a successful operation. During this period, no abnormalities were found in the blood circulation. The finger grasping and nerve development were acceptable and no symptom of infection was observed.

Dear Editor, Fingertip amputation is one of the most common industrial injuries and preservation of finger function, as much as possible, is very important for the affected patients. A thorough review of the most common treatment options for this type of lesion was more than necessary. All treatment modalities must restore the sensory function of fingertip, stable and durable skin and maximum support for nail bed (1).